Fundamental Concepts of Cyber Security: Understanding the basics of cybersecurity, including threats, vulnerabilities, and risk management. Ethical Hacking Skills: Proficiency in ethical hacking methodologies, penetration testing, and vulnerability assessments. Network Security: Knowledge of securing network infrastructures, understanding protocols, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. System Security: Mastery in securing operating systems (Windows, Linux, macOS), including hardening techniques and system auditing. Application Security: Skills in securing web and mobile applications, recognizing and mitigating common vulnerabilities like SQL injection and XSS. Cryptography: Understanding encryption, hashing algorithms, and secure communication protocols. Incident Response and Forensics: Ability to manage security incidents and conduct digital forensics investigations. Compliance and Legal Issues: Knowledge of legal frameworks and compliance standards relevant to cyber security (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA). Emerging Technologies in Cyber Security: Familiarity with emerging trends like AI in security, blockchain, and IoT security. Ethical and Professional Practices: Adherence to ethical hacking guidelines and professional conduct in cybersecurity.